Study of B meson (meson with the bottom quark flavor) in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is of special importance so that the detector LHCb is devoted to investigate these types of mesons. For this reason, in this paper we will study the production process of this meson in a phenomenological approach using the experimental data from electron-positron annihilation. In this regards, we shall calculate the Fragmentation function of B meson at next-to-leading order of perturbative QCD. We will impose the effect of B meson mass into the calculations for the first time. To perform our analysis, we will employ all available experimental data reported by the OPAL, ALEPH, SLD2002 and DELPHI collaborations. Our results show that the meson mass plays important roles in correction of Fragmentation functions, specially, at low values of Fragmentation parameter.

Studying the production or decay processes of heavy quarkonia (the bound state of heavy quark-antiquark) is a powerful tool to test our understanding of strong interaction dynamics and QCD theory. Fragmentation is the dominant production mechanism for heavy quarkonia with large transverse momentum. The Fragmentation refers to the production process of a parton with high transverse momentum which subsequently decays into a heavy quarkonia. In all previous manuscript where the Fragmentation functions of heavy mesons or baryons are calculated، authors have used the approximation of a Dirac delta function for the meson wave function. In the present paper by working in a perturbative QCD framework and by considering the effect of meson wave functions we calculate the Fragmentation function of a gluon into a spin-triplet S-wave charmonium J/psi. To consider the real aspect of meson bound state we apply a mesonic wave function which is different of Dirac delta function and is a nonrelativistic limit of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. Finally، we present our numerical results and show that how the proposed wave function improves the previous results.

Rock Fragmentation is one of the desired results of rock blasting. Therefore, controlling and predicting it has direct effects on operational costs of mining. There are different ways to predict the size distribution of fragmented rocks. Mathematical relations have been widely used in these predictions. Among three proposed mathematical relations, one was selected in this study to estimate the size distribution curve of blasting. The accuracy of its estimates was compared to that of the RR (Rosin-Rammler), SveDeFo (The Swedish Detonic Research Foundation), TCM (Two-Component Model), CZM (Crushed Zone Model), and KCO (Kuznetsov – Cunningham-Ouchterlony) relationships. The comparison included assessing the accuracy (Regression, R) and precision (Mean Square Error, MSE) of the best possible fit between the mathematical relations to estimate the cumulative distribution of fragmented rocks that result from rock blasting in open pit mines (Miduk Copper Mine, Sirjan Gol-e-Gohar, and Chadormalu Iron Mines) using image analysis techniques. The results showed that the power hyperbolic tangent function can estimate the size distribution of hard rock Fragmentation with more uniformity in fine and coarse-grained sizes (unlike soft and altered rocks with the non-uniform distribution in these regions), more accurately and with higher precision. In addition, unlike the KCO, the absence of a second turning point for the largest block dimensions (Xm) in the proposed function, can guarantee the accuracy of estimations related to any range of inputs. Finally, due to the ability of the proposed relation to accurately estimate the rock Fragmentation distribution caused by blasting, the uniformity coefficient required for the relation was provided by a linear combination of the geometric blasting parameters, where R=0. 855 and MSE=0. 0037.

The diagnosis of male fertility is based on microscopic assessment and analysis of sperm concentration, motility and morphology as routine indicators of human semen quality. Successful pregnancy requires a sperm with genetic integrity. Several studies have shown that male fertility is affected by sperm DNA damage. Subsequently, the assessment of DNA integrity in sperm and the study of its consequences have received considerable attention. Several clinical studies have examined the relationships between sperm DNA damage and reproductive outcomes in the context of natural and ART pregnancies. For IVF and ICSI, the true utility of sperm DNA damage assays remains to be firmly established, since the available studies are generally small, heterogeneous, with conflicting results. Current data suggest that impaired sperm DNA integrity may have the greatest effect on IUI pregnancy rates, further prospective studies are needed before testing becomes a routine part of patient management.

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will provide excellent opportunity to study the production and decay of heavy mesons and baryons with high statistics. We aim at the heavy mesons in this work and calculate their Fragmentation functions consistent with this machine and present their total Fragmentation probabilities and average Fragmentation parameters.

There has been increasing concern in the international law profession about the Fragmentation of international law. Although the international legal system has always developed in a fragmented way, the expansion of international law in new areas has created problems of coherence between its different branches, institutions and norm-systems. Normative conflicts and tensions between specialized regimes have emerged between general international law and its specialized branches (trade law, criminal law, human rights law, environmental law etc.). In this article we will analysis the Fragmentation of international judicial system and the ways of resolving the possible contradictions. To do so, we will first consider the possibility of a uniform international judicial system and then a fragmented (pluralistic) judicial system.